پژوهشنامه بیمه
سال سی و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

Note 3 of article 8 of the Compulsory Insurance Law adopted in 2016, in a new and unprecedented case, considers the financial damages caused by traffic accidents compensable only to the extent of the corresponding damages to the most expensive reasonable vehicle through third party insurance or the culprit of the accident. In fact, the corresponding damage is the maximum damage that the owner of an unconventional car (the injured person) can receive from the culprit of the accident for the damage, even if the damage to the unconventional car is more than that amount. Therefore the purpose of this study is to examine the question on what basis and for what purpose did the legislature take such an initiative so that it can be used by recognizing and expanding it in other similar laws and regulations.

In this article, with a descriptive - analytical study, an attempt has been made to explain and examine the reasons for the above problem by using library resources and reading and searching books, articles and related theoretical topics.

Traffic accidents are one of the most common and important injuries that most people in the community are always in touch with. This has caused the legislator to pay constant attention to the insurance law and to make changes and amendments to it over time along with the needs of the day. The provision for corresponding damages in the new compulsory insurance law includes a provision that implies a special system for compensating for financial damages caused by traffic accidents. This is because the corresponding damage to the most expensive reasonable car can be applied not only in the existence of third party insurance, but also in the event that the car of culprit of the accident has not valid third party insurance, Will be applied. For this reason it is difficult or impossible to justify this sentence in accordance with the usual rules of civil liability based on the rule of no harm and full compensation. Loss protection through assurance of payment and compensation and paying attention to the social and financial inequalities of individuals shows the legislator's concern through this law.

The present paper shows that the legislature in anticipating the corresponding damage with the aim of ensuring compensation and protection of the injured party has used the theory of collectivization for damages and reduction of social costs through the loss distribution system. The theory of collective compensation, by involving individuals in the society in the payment of damages, removes compensation from the personal state and turns it into a social matter. Thus, contrary to the importance and role of fault in traditional theories of civil liability, what is placed in the first place in the collectivization of compensation is not the responsibility of individuals or the punishment and deterrence of the deficient person, but compensation. Therefore, in the corresponding damage, it is the accident itself that is more important than the person responsible for the accident and it causes the application of a special system of compensation, which ultimately leads to social solidarity. Thus, the legislator has rightly used its possibility in applying social considerations and economic necessities in amending the law of compulsory insurance and traffic accidents.

One of the most important and vital issues in consumer shopping behavior is the issue of confusion, which under the influence of various factors can ultimately affect his/her decision. Today's consumer is in a very complex environment with many choices for products and product changes as well as brands, stores and channels. In the face of these complexities, consumers are limited by their cognitive and emotional skills. Given the limiting nature of these skills, it is not surprising that consumers do not always have a complete understanding of product information and are therefore confused. Due to the unique nature of services, it is not surprising that consumers are confused about services and this confusion has detrimental effects on the service industry market and their growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting customer confusion in life insurance services using mixed method approach.

The statistical population in this study includes 22 knowledgeable experts in the field of insurance industry and marketing. They were interviewed using semi-structured interviews through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The interviews were continued until achieving theoretical saturation. Qualitative data from interviews provide a better and comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting customer confusion in life insurance. Theme analysis method was used to ensure the validity and reliability of data through Lincoln and Guba’ four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Holst formula was calculated to measure the reliability of the agreement between the two coders of the interviews. It was 0.86, which shows an agreement between the researcher and the second coder. A fuzzy Delphi questionnaire was used to collect data in two phases of the survey in the quantitative part of the study. Its validity and reliability were confirmed by content validity and retest, and the fuzzy variables identified in the qualitative part were prioritized using the fuzzy Delphi technique.

The analysis process started with familiarity with the data. In the second stage, individual interviews were reviewed and codes related to the research topic were extracted and 925 initial codes were received from 22 interviews. In the third stage, unrelated, incomplete and duplicate codes were removed and finally 159 codes were obtained. In the fourth stage, by reviewing the themes, the researchers achieved 38 sub-themes. In the fifth stage, 10 main themes were extracted analyzing the sub-themes. In the sixth stage, the researchers finished the work with final analysis and report writing. The main themes derived from the qualitative part of the study are: lack of public awareness, sales forces, marketing strategies, financial poverty, government laws, management structure of insurance companies, structural factors, cultural-economic status, personality traits and educational system of the insurance companies. These factors were identified and prioritized as the most important factors affecting customer confusion in the life insurance industry.

Due to the nature of services, the existence of customer confusion is obvious. Customers are confused due to many factors in buying life insurance. This confusion has destructive effects on the life insurance market in the industry. The lack of public awareness and sales forces are the most important factors affecting customer confusion. Thus, it is suggested that insurance industry managers give more weight to these factors. Other factors affecting confusion should also be considered as important. A new perspective can be created by focusing on those factors that cause confusion in the customer. Appropriate relationship with customers should be developed and the challenges in the relationship with customers should be managed. These results can be a stimulus for the growth and development of the business environment in the life insurance industry and provide an effective solution for those in charge to manage customer confusion in the country's life insurance industry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the electronic insurance implementation and its impact on organizational agility, competitive advantage and profitability in selected insurance Companies in Iran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The information of this research was based on the library information sources. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to examine three performance factors of insurance companies (i.e., market share, profitability, and wealth level). The research population includes academic professors and experts of insurance companies such as Iran, Asia, Parsian, Pasargad, Kausar, Alborz, Dana, Tejarat Nou, and Ma. These companies together have more than 70 percent of the market shares in the stock sector and are among the first-tier companies in Iran's insurance industry in terms of profitability and wealth factor. About 320 professors and insurance experts were selected by simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Inferential statistics were also used to test research hypotheses and determine the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. Data analysis was also done using structural equation method and statistical analysis in social science and partial least squares statistical software.

All hidden variables had Cronbach's alpha value and composite reliability above 0.7, which indicates the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Also, the average value of the extracted variance for the variables was higher than 0.5, which indicates the degree of correlation between the structure and its indicators. Therefore, the convergent validity of the measurement model is also desirable. The Fornell and Larker criteria were used to test the divergent validity of the measurement model. Based on the results of this criterion, acceptable divergent validity was reported. The results of research hypotheses showed that the implementation of electronic insurance has a positive and significant effect on all three variables of agility and its dimensions, competitive advantage and profitability of insurance organizations Meanwhile, the effect of electronic insurance implementation on agility (β=0.611) was more than competitive advantage (β=0.476) and profitability (β=0.299).

Considering the new approach of insurance companies towards e-services, it is crucial to pay attention to the key success factors of such programs. Due to the very high importance of the successful implementation of electronic insurance for insurance companies and due to the lack of similar and comprehensive studies, it seems very necessary to carry out such research. The results of this research showed that successful implementation of electronic insurance has a positive and significant effect on the company's agility, competitive advantage, and profitability. The findings of the research provide practical suggestions in the field of information technology infrastructure development to the managers of the insurance industry and for future researches. For example, web technologies and service-oriented architectures can guarantee the agility of insurance by reducing the response time to customers, creating flexibility in responding to external needs. On the other hand, the use of electronic insurance allows companies to get strategic resources in the market faster and new complementary skills are created in the company so that they can maintain their superiority in the competition. Also, the implementation of electronic insurance reduces the costs of administrative bureaucracy, organizational levels and hierarchies, costs of purchasing paper and items, personnel costs, evasion and insurance frauds and other cases. It directly and indirectly affects the company's income and profitability.

Accepting the principle of compensation for damages caused by registration errors and using the capacity of title insurance and facilities of the supervisory board (subject of article 6 of the law on registration of deeds and property) to enhance the validity of the official document, reduce lawsuits and compensate victims.

Library and analytical study. In the analysis, the principles of law and sometimes the interests of the legal system have been used. This article is the result of a study between three trends in law, including property law, civil liability law and insurance law, and it uses private law analysis and public law theories.

A number of property registration errors violate the property rights of individuals.On the one hand, compensation for the victims is fair, and on the other hand, the public interest requires the preservation of the validity of the official document. Theoretical, jurisprudential and legal bases of Iran are sufficient to accept the principle of compensation for damages caused by registration errors instead of revoking ownership documents. In such a way that the economic development and legal security of the country are observed by maintaining the validity of the ownership document and, as the case may be, compensation from the real or apparent owner (transferred in the official transfer document). Using title insurance is one of the ways to compensate and maintain the validity of the official document and provide legal security for the parties. The Supervisory Board (article 6 of the registration law) is an institution for dealing with disputes and errors in property registration. And after making fundamental reforms, it can become the authority to issue appropriate decisions on how to compensate.The main question of the article is whether there are legal grounds in order to accept the principle of compensation for damages caused by registration errors in the subject law of the country and Imami jurisprudence? If the answer is yes, how should compensate the losses?

The approach of providing and compensating the victims of registration services is considered a new phenomenon in the registration and legal system of the country, but there are theoretical, jurisprudential and legal bases from which the above approach can be regulated in iranian law.In order to compensate for the damage caused by registration errors through notarial insurance, in addition to respecting the principles and foundations of the property registration system, one must also respect the rules of the country's civil law, and issue an appropriate vote, as the case. In order to review the expertise and the principle of de-judicialization and in line with the transformation document of the judiciary, it is suggested that after reforming the structure and review process of the supervisory board subject to article 6 of the registration law, this board review the "property insurance" cases. The approach of providing and compensating the victims of registration services is a new phenomenon in the registration and legal system of the country that researchers should study in this regard.

Big data is increasingly becoming a major organizational enterprise force to reckon with in this global era for all industries. It seemingly offers more features for acquiring, storing and analyzing voluminous generated data from various sources to obtain value-additions. Despite the advantages of big data analytics in enhancing performance and achieving the competitive advantage, there is substantial evidence that many organizations have faced some barriers to adoption and implementation of big data technologies. The insurance industry is no exception. However, the adoption and implementation of big data analytics in insurance organizations is relatively lagged and there is no study addressing this phenomenon so far in Iran insurance industry. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze various barriers that affect the adoption and implementation of big data analytics in the insurance industry in the Iranian context and to investigate the inter-dependences between these barriers.

The current research is an applied study in terms of objectives, a descriptive study in terms of research design, as well as a survey study in terms of data collection method. First, using a comprehensive review of existing literature and obtaining confirmatory opinions of industry managers, a list of barriers to adoption and implementation of big data analytics in the Iranian insurance industry have been identified. Then, total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) with matriced impacts croises multiplication appliqué an classement (cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification, abbreviated as MICMAC) analysis was used to map the interrelationships and develop a hierarchical structure among the identified barriers.

The major barriers to adoption and implementation of big data analytics were identified and classified into 10 categories including cost of investment, lack of compatibility with technical infrastructure, weak organizational culture, lack of top management support, time constraints, staff resistance, lack of collaboration among departments, lack of access to experienced and skilled expertise, customer data privacy and security, and lack of regulations. In addition, lack of access to experienced and skilled expertise, lack of top management support as well as weakness or lack of regulations are the root barriers to the adoption and implementation of big data analytics in the Iranian insurance industry

Combining the literature review findings with the opinions of managers and industry practitioners, and analyzing them by total interpretive structural modeling with MICMAC led to the development of a framework for better understanding of barriers to the adoption and implementation of big data analytics in the Iranian insurance industry. This framework helps policymakers and managers to prioritize issues and develop effective strategies for the development of big data analytics. This study is the first of its kind to theorizing big data analytics adoption and implementation barriers and develops hierarchical relationships between them using ISM and MICMAC methodology in the Iranian insurance context. Finally, the paper provides several effective solutions to coping with barriers to adoption and implementation of big data technologies and recommended some future directions of research in this field.

The main purpose of this research is the customer experience management model in personal insurance.

To achieve this goal, first the effective factors and indicators affecting the management of customer experience in personal insurance based on the data model of the foundation are identified and then these factors and indicators are categorized. Case study and semi-structured interviews with experts and professors led to the development of research model criteria. Based on the interviews conducted and reviewing previous studies, the factors affecting human resource development strategies in domestic and foreign categories have been identified.

A total of 17 categories and 104 concepts were identified and extracted, and finally the consequences, results and results of strategies or actions are reactions. In total, the model obtained in the present study consists of 6 dimensions, 17 components and 104 indicators, respectively. In this study, the category of "customer experience management model in personal insurance" is mentioned in almost all interviews and plays a pivotal role. Causal conditions In the proposed model, the six central codes of "time management", "cost management", "leisure management", "appropriate decision making", "welfare and comfort" and "social conditions" are considered as causal conditions.

The final finding and achievement of the present study is a relatively comprehensive and complete model based on the customer experience management model in personal insurance and is more appropriate than other models provided by experts in that they have been developed for non-service communities.